Why a machine does this better than you
When a person tries to invent something random, they fail. We tend to alternate consonants and vowels, avoid repeating characters in a row, start with a capital and finish with a digit or an exclamation mark. These are unconscious biases, and they are remarkably consistent from one person to the next.
Cracking software knows those biases and tries the combinations that follow them first. The upshot is that a password "made up at random" has, in practice, far less strength than its length suggests.
A generator has no preferences. Every character comes from a cryptographic randomness source, with no pattern anyone can get ahead of. That is the difference between looking random and being random.
What length to choose
| Use | Length | Why |
|---|
| Ordinary accounts | 16 characters | Beyond the reach of any realistic attack, and your manager types it for you. |
| Email, banking, manager | 20 or more | These are the accounts everything else is recovered from. |
| Services with a character limit | The maximum they accept | If the cap is low, turn on two-factor authentication without fail. |
If a site refuses to let you paste from your manager — it happens more than it should — use a passphrase of random words instead: it types cleanly and keeps its strength.
The step almost everyone skips
Generating an excellent password with nowhere to put it always ends the same way: it gets written on a note, forgotten, reset, and eventually replaced by the same old key.
Before you generate, decide where it is going to live. A password manager stores it, fills it in automatically and, as a side effect, protects you from phishing: on a fake site the manager does not recognise the domain and offers nothing. That hesitation is a free alarm.
What you do not need to do
- Change it every three months. The bodies that popularised that rule stopped recommending it years ago.
- Memorise it. If it is genuinely random, it was never meant for that.
- Add a number at the end "to make it safer". If it is already random, any manual tweak only introduces a pattern.